Some good stuff this month…
1) Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers — United States, 1999–2008
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 4;60:1487-92.
Comment: This report summarizes the impressive outbreak of death from opioid analgesics (around 15,000 in 2008) in the United States – providing a helpful state-by-state breakdown.
2) Influence of war on quantitative and qualitative changes in drug-induced mortality in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia
Marasovic Susnjara I, Definis Gojanovic M, Vodopija D, Capkun V, Smoljanovic A.
Croat Med J. 2011 Oct 15;52(5):629-36.
Comment: Authors developed an interesting association of war and post-war periods with increased overdose deaths, the majority of which were due to heroin and half of which involved multiple drugs. Authors hypothesize that the reason for this increase is due to social instability and increased drug supply.
3) Pilot scheme shows that giving naloxone to families of drug users would save lives
Hurley R.
BMJ. 2011 Aug 25;343:d5445. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5445. No abstract available.
Comment: A brief summary of the pilot program at drug treatment programs in England. 495 “carers” (generally family members) were trained and a subgroup (number not in the text) were also given naloxone in 2009 and 2010. Twenty ODs were witnessed and naloxone was given in 18 of those; all survived. These are important results, particularly in two settings: 1) regions where drug users frequently live with family, and 2) settings such as abstinence-based treatment or youth programs where there might be reluctance to provide a drug user with naloxone.
4) Naloxone pro-drug rescues morphine induced respiratory depression in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Wallisch M, El Rody NM, Huang B, Koop DR, Baker JR Jr, Olsen GD.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Oct 19.
Comment: I don’t usually include animal studies, but this was intriguing. Authors developed a depot pro-drug of naloxone that is released in the setting of hypoxemia – that is, when there’s a low-level of oxygen in the blood naloxone is released, reversing the (presumed) opiate effect.
5) A History of Being Prescribed Controlled Substances and Risk of Drug Overdose Death.
Paulozzi LJ, Kilbourne EM, Shah NG, Nolte KB, Desai HA, Landen MG, Harvey W, Loring LD.
Pain Med. 2011 Oct 25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01260.x.
Comment: Our understanding of opioid analgesic deaths is so poor for many reasons – most notably it is hard to study this population because they are hidden. The authors here used a case-control design (I can’t access the full article and their methods are not so well-described in the abstract) to identify risk factors for death. They found receipt of prescriptions for selected opioids and >40mg morphine equivalents daily to be substantial risk factors for overdose death. This is consistent with earlier studies.